|
Available in PDF format using Acrobat Reader
2.1 or higher
Woodlark Basin/Papua New Guinea Abers, G.A., Possible seismogenic shallow-dipping normal faults in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux extensional province, Papua New Guinea, Geology, 19, 1205-1208, 1991. Abers, G.A., and S.W. Roecker, Deep structure of an arc-continent collision: Earthquake relocation and inversion for upper mantle P and S wave velocities beneath Papua New Guinea. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6379-6401, 1991. Abers, G.A., C.Z. Mutter, and J. Fang, Earthquakes and normal faults in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15301-15317, 1997. Abers, G.A., C.Z. Mutter, and J. Fang, Shallow dips of normal faults during rapid extension: Earthquakes in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15301-15317, 1997. Ashley, P.M., and R.H. Flood, Low-K tholeiites and high-K igneous rocks from Woodlark Island, Papua New Guinea, J. Geol. Soc. Aus., 28, 227-240, 1981. Baldwin, S.L., G.S. Lister, E.J. Hill, D.A. Foster, and I. McDougall, Themochronologic constraints on the tectonic evolution of active metamorphic core complexes, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, Tectonics, 12, 611-628, 1993. Baldwin, S.L., and T.R. Ireland, A tale of two eras: Plio-Pleistocene unroofing of Cenozoic and late Archean zircons from active metamorphic core complexes, Solomon Sea, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 23, 1023-1026, 1995. Benes, V., S.D. Scott, and P. Davy, Rift propagation across the oceanic-continental crustal boundary: an analogue modeling approach, Eos Trans. AGU, 75 (44), 590, 1994. Benes, V., S.D. Scott, and R.A. Binns, Tectonics of rift propagation into a continental margin: western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4439-4455, 1994. Benes, V., N. Bocharova, E. Popov, S.D. Scott, and L. Zonenshain, Geophysical and morpho-tectonic study of the transition between seafloor spreading and continental rifting, western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, Mar. Geol., 142, 85-98, 1997. Binns, R.A., and D.J. Whitford, Volcanic rocks from the western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, Proc. Pacific Rim Congress, 87, 525-534, 1987. Binns, R.A., S.D. Scott, and PACLARK Participants, Western Woodlark Basin: Potential analogue setting for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, Proc. Pacific Rim Congress, 87, 531-535, 1987. Binns, R.A., S.D. Scott, and PACLARK Participants, Propagation of seafloor spreading into continental crust, western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, CCOP/SOPAC Misc. Rept., 1989. Binns, R.A., S.D. Scott, G.E. Wheller, and V. Benes, Report on the SUPACLARK cruise, Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, April 8-28 1990, RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, CSIRO Rept. 176R., 1990. Cooper, P., and B. Taylor, Seismotectonics of New Guinea: a model for arc reversal following arc-continent collision, Tectonics, 6, 53-67, 1987. Crook, K.A.W., B. Taylor, and D.A. Falvey, Woodlark Triple Junction, Solomon Islands, SeaMARC II sidescan sonar imagery and bathymetry, 1:250,000. in Pacific Seafloor Atlas, pp. 9, Hawaii Inst. Geophys., Honolulu, HI, 1991. Crook, K.A.W., and B. Taylor, Structure and Quaternery tectonic history of the Woodlark triple junction region, Solomon Islands, Mar. Geophys. Res., 16, 65-89, 1994. Davies, H.L., Folded thrust fault and associated metamorphics in the Suckling-Dayman massif, Papua New Guinea, Am. J. Sci., 280-A, 171-191, 1980. Davies, H.L., and I.E. Smith, Geology of eastern Papua, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 3299-3312, 1971. Davies, H.L., and A.L. Jaques, Emplacement of ophiolite in Papua New Guinea, Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Lond., 13, 341-350, 1984. Davies, H.L., P.A. Symonds, and I.D. Ripper, Structure and evolution of the southern Solomon Sea region, BMR J. Aust. Geol. Geophys., 9, 49-68, 1984. Davies, H.L., and R.G. Warren, Origin of eclogite-bearing, domed, layered metamorphic complexes ("core complexes") in the D'Entrecasteaux islands, Papua New Guinea, Tectonics, 7, 1-21, 1988. Davies, H.L., and R.G. Warren, Eclogites of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 112, 463-474, 1992. Deep Ocean Resource Development Co., Woodlark Basin. in South Pacific Seafloor Atlas, pp. 10-11, S. Pacif. Appl. Geosci. Comm., Tokyo, Japan, 1995. Dril, S.I., M.I. Kuzmin, S.S. Tsipukova, and L.P. Zonenshain, Geochemistry of basalts from the western Woodlark, Lau and Manus basins: implications for their petrogenisis and source rock compositions, Mar. Geol., 142, 57-83, 1997. Finlayson, D.M., K.J. Muirhead, J.B. Webb, G. Gibson, A.S. Furumoto, R.J.S. Cooke, and A.J. Russel, Seismic investigation of the Papuan Ultramafic Belt, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 29, 245-253, 1976. Francis, G., J. Lock, and Y. Okuda, Seismic stratigraphy and structure of the area to the southeast of the Trobriand Platform, Geo-Mar. Lett., 7, 121-128, 1987. Galewsky, J., and E.A. Silver, Tectonic controls on facies transitions in an oblique collision: the western Solomon Sea, Papua New Guinea, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109, 1266-1278, 1997. Gill, J.B., J.D. Morris, and R.W. Johnson, Time scale for producing the geochemical signature of island arc magmas: U-Th-Po and Be-B systematics in recent Papua New Guinea lavas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 4269-4283, 1993. Goodliffe, A.M., The rifting of continental and oceanic lithosphere: observations from the Woodlark Basin [Ph.D. thesis], Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 1998. Goodliffe, A.M., B. Taylor, R.N. Hey, and F. Martinez, Seismic images of continental breakup in the Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea, Eos Trans. AGU, 74 (43), 606, 1993. Goodliffe, A.M., B. Taylor, F. Martinez, and R.N. Hey, The western Woodlark basin, Papua New Guinea: Evolution of a new ocean basin, Eos Trans. AGU, 75 (44), 604, 1994. Goodliffe, A. M., B. Taylor, F. Martinez and R. N. Hey, Near instantaneous spreading center reorientation in the Woodlark Basin, Eos Trans. AGU, 76 (46), 596, 1995. Goodliffe, A.M., B. Taylor, and F. Martinez, A reconstruction of the Woodlark Basin spreading history, Eos Trans. AGU, 77 (46), 706, 1996. Goodliffe, A.M., B. Taylor, F. Martinez, R.N. Hey, K. Maeda, and K. Ohno, Synchronous reorientation of the Woodlark Basin spreading center, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 146, 233-242, 1997. Goodliffe, A. M., B. Taylor, J. S. Floyd and G. D. Karner, Coring, logging and seismic stratigraphy of the Woodlark Rise: initial results from ODP leg 180, Eos Trans. AGU, 1998. Goodliffe, A.M., B. Taylor, and F. Martinez, Data report: marine geophysical surveys of the Woodlark Basin region. edited by B. Taylor, P. Huchon, et al., Proc. ODP Init. Repts., 180, in press, 1999. Hegner, E., and I.E.M. Smith, Isotopic compositions of late Cenozoic volcanics from southeast Papua New Guinea; evidence for multi-component sources in arc and rift environments, Chem. Geol., 97, 233-249, 1992. Hill, E.J., Active extension in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, BMR Res. Symp., 87, 51-57, 1987. Hill, E.J., The nature of shear zones formed during extension in eastern Papua New Guinea, Proc. Pacific Rim Congr., 90, 537-548, 1990. Hill, E.J., Geometry and kinematics of shear zones formed during continental extension in eastern Papua New Guinea, J. Structural Geol., 16, 1093-1105, 1994. Hill, E.J., Extensional deformation of continental crust prior to breakup and seafloor spreading: A study of Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, Geol. Soc. Aust. Abstr., 40, 68-69, 1995. Hill, E.J., R. Reid, and J. Buleka, Marine geophysical survey of the west Woodlark Basin, M.V. Tapini, 1984 Cruise Report, Bureau of Mineral Resources, BMR Record 1984/32, 1984. Hill, P.J., R. Reid, and J. Buleka, Marine geophysical survey of the west Woodlark Basin, M.V. Tapini, Cruise report, Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Rec., 32, 1984. Hill, E.J., S.L. Baldwin, and G.S. Lister, Unroofing of active metamorphic core complexes in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, Geology, 20, 907-910, 1992. Hill, E.J., and S.L. Baldwin, Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region: Papua New Guinea, J. Metamorph. Geol., 11, 261-277, 1993. Hill, E.J., S.L. Baldwin, and G.S. Lister, Magmatism as an essential driving force for formation of active metamorphic core complexes in eastern Papua New Guinea, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,441-10,451, 1995. Jongsma, D., Marine geology of Milne Bay, eastern Papaua, Bull. Aus. Bur. Min. Res., 125, 35-54, 1972. Lisitsin, A.P., R.A. Binns, Y.A. Bogdanov, S. Scott, L.P. Zonenshayn, V.V. Gordeyev, Y.G. Gurvich, K.G. Murav'yev, and V.V. Serova, Active hydrothermal activity at Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark Sea (Papua New Guinea). Internat. Geol. Rev., 33, 914-929, 1991. Lock, J., H.L. Davies, D.L. Tiffin, F. Murakami, and K. Kisomoto, The Trobriand Subduction system in the Western Solomon Sea, Geomarine Lett., 7, 129-134, 1987. Luyendyk, B.P., K.C. Macdonald, and W.B. Bryan, Rifting history of the Woodlark Basin in the Southwest Pacific, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 84, 1125-1134, 1973. Martinez, F., B. Taylor, and A.M. Goodliffe, Contrasting styles of seafloor spreading in the Woodlark Basin: Indications of rift-induced secondary mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 12,909-12,926, 1999. Martinez, F., B. Taylor, and A.M. Goodliffe, Variations in bathymetry and gravity between the eastern and western Woodlark Basin: Indications of a rift-induced thermal anomaly, Eos Trans. AGU, 77 (46), 706, 1996. Milsom, J., Woodlark Basin, A minor center of seafloor spreading in Melanesia, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 7335-7339, 1970. Milsom, J., and I.E. Smith, Southeastern Papua: Generation of thick crust in a tensional environment? Geology, 3, 117-120, 1975. Mutter, J.C., C.Z. Mutter, and J. Fang, Analogies to oceanic behavior in the continental breakup of the western Woodlark Basin, Nature, 380, 333-336, 1996. Mutter, J.C., C.Z. Mutter, G. Abers, and J. Fang, Seismic images of low-angle normal faults in the western Woodlark Basin where continental extension yields to seafloor spreading, Eos Trans. AGU, 74, 412, 1993. Nicol, A., J.J. Walsh, J. Watterson, and J.R. Underhill, Displacement rates of normal faults, Nature, 390, 157-159, 1997. Ollier, C.D., and C.F. Pain, Active rising surficial gneiss domes in Papua New Guinea, J. Geol. Soc. Aust., 27, 33-44, 1980. Pedersen, K., and S. Ekendahl, Distribution and activity of bacteria in deep granitic groundwaters of South East Sweden, Microbial Ecology, 20, 37-52, 1990. Pegler, G., S. Das, and J.H. Woodhouse, A seismological study of the eastern New Guinea and the western Solomon Sea regions and its tectonic implications, Geophys. J. Int., 122, 961-981, 1995. Perfit, M.R., C.H. Langmuir, M. Baekisapa, B. Chappell, R.W. Johnson, H. Staudigel, and S.R. Taylor, Geochemistry and petrology of volcanic rocks from the Woodlark basin: Addressing questions of ridge subduction, in Marine Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry of the Woodlark Basin-Solomon Islands, edited by B. Taylor, and N.F. Exon, pp. 113-154, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Houston, TX, 1987. Pinchin, J., and C. Bembrick, Cape Vogel Basin, PNG-tectonics and petroleum potential, in 14th BMR Symposium Extended Abstracts: Petroleum Geology of South Pacific Island Countries, Bur. of Min. Resour. Aust., 32, 31-37, 1985. Rogerson, R., D. Hilyard, G. Francis, and E. Finlayson, The foreland thrust belt of Papua New Guinea, Proc. Pac. Rim Congress, 87, 579-583, 1987. Rogerson, R., L. Queen, and G. Francis, The Papuan Ultramafic Belt Arc Complex, in Islands and Basins: Correlation and Comparison of Onshore and Offshore Geology, edited by G.E. Wheller, pp. 28-29, CCOP/SOPAC Misc. Rept., 159, 1993. Smith, I.E.M., Young volcanoes in eastern Papua, Mem. Geol. Surv. Papua New Guinea, 10, 257-265, 1981. Smith, I.E.M., Volcanic evolution in eastern Papua, Tectonophysics, 87, 315-333, 1982. Smith, I.E.M., and C.J. Simpson, Late Cenozoic uplift in the Milne Bay area, eastern Papua New Guinea. Bur. Min. Resour. Aust. Bull., 125, 29-35, 1972. Smith, I.E.M., Peralkaline rhyolites from the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, in Volcanism in Australasia, edited by R.E. Johnson, pp. 275-285, 1976. Smith, I.E.M., and J.S. Milsom, Late Cenozoic volcanism and extension in eastern Papua. in Marginal Basin Geology, edited by B.P. Kokelaar and M.F. Howells, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 16, 163-171, 1984. Stewart, W.P., G. Francis, and D.H. Deibert, Hydrocarbon potential of the Cape Vogel Basin, Papua New Guinea, Geol. Surv. Papua New Guinea Rept. No. 86/10, 1986. Stolz, A.J., G.R. Davies, A.J. Crawford, and I.E.M. Smith, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of Calc-alkaline and peralkaline silicic volcanics from the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, and their tectonic significance, Mineral. Petrol., 47, 103-126, 1993. Taylor, B., A Geophysical Survey of the Woodlark-Solomons Region, in Marine Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry of the Woodlark Basin-Solomon Islands, Earth Sci. Ser., vol. 7, edited by B. Taylor and N.F. Exon, pp. 25-48, Circum Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Houston, 1987. Taylor, B., Background and Regional Setting for ODP Leg 180, edited by Taylor, B., Huchon, P., Klaus, A., et al., Proc. ODP Init. Repts. [CD-ROM], 180, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), in press, 1999. Taylor, B., and N.F. Exon, An investigation of ridge subduction in the Woodlark-Solomons region: Introduction and overview, in Marine Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry of the Woodlark Basin - Solomon Islands, edited by B. Taylor, and N.F. Exon, pp. 1-24, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, Houston, Texas, 1987. Taylor, B., F. Martinez, R. N. Hey and A. M. Goodliffe, A new view of continental rifting and initial seafloor spreading: The Woodlark Basin, PNG, Eos Trans. AGU, 74 (43), 606, 1993. Taylor, B., A. M. Goodliffe, R. Hey and F. Martinez, HAWAII MR1 survey of the W. Woodlark Basin: Continental rifting and seafloor spreading, SOPAC Misc. Rep. 184, 66, 1994. Taylor, B., A.M. Goodliffe, F. Martinez, and R.N. Hey, Continental rifting and initial seafloor spreading in the Woodlark Basin, Nature, 374 (6522), 534-537, 1995. Taylor, B., C. Mutter, A.M. Goodliffe, and J. Fang, Active continental extension: the Woodlark Basin, JOI/USSAC Newsletter, 9, 1-4, 1996. Taylor, B., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial. Reports, vol. 180, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex., in press, 1999. Taylor, B., A.M. Goodliffe, and F. Martinez, How continents break up: insights from Papua New Guinea. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7497-7512, 1999. Tjhin, K.T., Trobriand Basin exploration, Papua New Guinea, APEA J., 16, 81-90, 1976. Tregoning, P., K. Lambeck, A. Stolz, P.J. Morgan, S.C. McClusky, P. Van der Beck, H. McQueen, R.J. Jackson, R.P. Little, A. Laing, and B. Murphy, Estimation of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from Global Positioning System observations, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,181-12,203, 1998. Walker, D.A., and I. McDougall, 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar dating of altered glassy volcanic rocks: the Dabi Volcanics, P.N.G. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 2181-2190, 1982. Weissel, J.K., and A.B. Watts, Tectonic evolution of the Coral Sea basin, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4572-4582, 1979. Weissel, J.K., B. Taylor, and G.D. Karner, The opening of the Woodlark Basin, subduction of the Woodlark spreading system and the evolution of northern Melanesia since mid-Pliocene time, Tectonophysics, 87, 253-277, 1982. Willcox, J.B., Preview report for the marine geophysical survey of the Gulf of Papua and the Bismarck Sea, Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Rec., 38, 1973. Worthing, M.A., Petrology and tectonic setting of blueschist facies metabasites from the Emo Metamorphics of Papua New Guinea, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 35, 159-168, 1988. Rifting Abbate, E., P. Bruni, M. Fazzuoli, and M. Sagri, The Gulf of Aden continental margin of northern Somalia: Tertiary sedimentation, rifting and drifting, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 31, 427-445, 1986. Alvarez, F., J. Virieux, and X. Le Pichon, Thermal consequences of lithospheric extension over continental margins: the initial stretching phase, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 78, 389-411, 1984. Axen, G.J., Pore pressure, stress increase, and fault weakening in low-angle normal faulting. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8979-8991, 1992. Barton, C.A., M.D. Zoback, and D. Moos, Fluid flow along potentially active faults in crystalline rock. Geology, 23, 683-686, 1995. Basile, C., J. Mascle, M. Popoff, J.P. Bouillin, and G. Mascle, The Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana transform margin: A marginal ridge structure deduced from seismic data, Tectonophysics, 222, 1-19, 1993. Basile, C., J. Mascle, J. Benkhelil, and J.P. Bouillin, Geodynamic evolution of the Cote d'Ivoire-Ghana transform margin: An overview of Leg 159 results, Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 159, 101-110, 1998. Bassi, G., C.E. Keen, and P. Potter, Contrasting styles of rifting; models and examples from the eastern Canadian margin, Tectonics, 12, 639-655, 1993. Bonatti, E., Punctiform initiation of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea during transition from a continental to an oceanic rift, Nature, 316, 33-37, 1985. Bosworth, W., Geometry of propagating continental rifts, Nature, 316, 625-627, 1985. Bosworth, W., Comment and reply on "Detachment faulting and the evolution of passive continental margins", Geology, 14, 890-892, 1986. Bott, W.F., B.A. Smith, G. Oakes, A.H. Sikander, and A.I. Ibraham, The tectonic framework and regional hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Gulf of Aden, J. Pet. Geol., 15, 211-243, 1992. Bown, J.W., and R.S. White, Effect of finite extension rate on melt generation at rifted continental margins, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,011-18,029, 1995. Buck, W.R., Small-scale convection induced by passive rifting: the cause for uplift of rift shoulders, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 77, 362-372, 1986. Buck, W.R., Modes of continental lithospheric extension, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20161-20178, 1991. Bullard, E.C., J.E. Everett, and A.G. Smith, The fit of the continents around the Atlantic, A symposium in continental drift, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., London, Ser. A, 258, 41-51, 1965. Cochran, J.R., The Gulf of Aden: Structure and evolution of a young ocean basin and continental margin, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 263-287, 1981. Cochran, J.R., A model for the development of the Red Sea, Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 67, 41-69, 1983. Cochran, J.R., and F. Martinez, Evidence from the northern Red Sea on the transition from continental to oceanic rifting, Tectonophysics, 153, 25-53, 1988. Courtillot, V., Propagating rifts and continental breakup, Tectonics, 1, 239-250, 1982. Dunbar, J.A., and D.S. Sawyer, Three-dimensional dynamical model of continental rift propagation and margin plateau formation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27,845-27,863, 1996. Ebinger, C.J., and N.J. Hayward, Soft plates and hot spots: Views from Afar, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21,859-21,876, 1996. Fantozzi, P.L, Transition from continental to oceanic rifting in the Gulf of Aden: structural evidence from field mapping in Somalia and Yemen, Tectonophysics, 259, 285-311, 1996. Foucher, J.-P., X.L. Pichon, and J.-C. Sibuet, The ocean-continent transition in the uniform lithospheric stretching model: role of partial melting in the mantle, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond, Ser., A 305, 27-43, 1982. Goetze, C., and B. Evans, Stress and temperature in the bending lithosphere as constrained by experimental rock mechanics, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 78, 5961-5971, 1979. Haines, J., Continental mechanics, Nature, 391, 634-635, 1998. Hayward, N.J., and C.J. Ebinger, Variations in the along-axis segmentation of the Afar Rift system, Tectonics, 15, 244-257, 1996. Hickman, S., R. Sibson, and R. Bruhn, (Eds.), Proceedings of Workshop LXIII: The Mechanical Involvement of Fluids in Faulting, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rpt., 94-228, 1993. Holbrook, W.S., G.M. Purdy, J.A. Collins, R.E. Sheridan, D.L. Musser, L. Glover III, M. Talwani, J.I. Ewing, R. Hawman, and S.B. Smithson, Deep velocity structure of rifted continental crust, U. S. Mid-Atlantic margin, from wide-angle reflection/refraction data, Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 1699-1702, 1992. Holbrook, W.S., and P.B. Kelemen, Large igneous province on the US Atlantic margin and implications for magmatism during continental breakup, Nature, 364, 433-436, 1993. Hopper, J.R., J.C. Mutter, R.L. Larson, and C.Z. Mutter, and Northwest Australia Study Group, Magmatism and rift margin evolution: evidence from northwest Australia, Geology, 20, 853-857, 1992. Hughes, G.W., and Z.R. Beydoun, The Red Sea-Gulf of Aden: Bios-tratigraphy, lithostratigraphy and paleoenvironments, J. Pet. Geol., 15, 135-156, 1992. Keen, C.E., The dynamics of rifting: deformation of the lithosphere by active and passive driving forces, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 80, 95-120, 1985. Keen, C.E., and D.P. Potter, The transition from a volcanic to a nonvolcanic rifted margin off eastern Canada, Tectonics, 14, 359-371, 1995. Kelemen, P.B., and W.S. Holbrook, Origin of thick, high-velocity igneous crust along the U.S. East Coast Margin, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,077-10,094, 1995. Kooi, H., S. Cloetingh, and J. Burrus, Lithospheric necking and regional isostasy at extensional basins 1. Subsidence and gravity modeling with an application to the Gulf of Lions margin (SE France), J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17,553-17,571, 1992. LePichon, P., J.C. Sibuet, and J. Francheteau, The fit of the continents around the North Atlantic Ocean, Tectonophysics, 38, 169-209, 1977. Le Pichon, X., and J.C. Sibuet, Passive margins: a model of formation, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3708-3720, 1981. Leg 173 Shipboard Scientific Party, Drilling reveals transition from continental breakup to early magmatic crust, Eos Trans. AGU, 79, 173, 180-181, 1998. Lister, G.S., and S.L. Baldwin, Plutonism and the origin of metamorphic core complexes. Geology, 21, 607-610, 1993. Lister, G.S., M.A. Etheridge, and P.A. Symonds, Detachment faulting and the evolution of passive continental margins, Geology, 14, 246-250, 1986. Lister, G.S., M.A. Etheridge, and P.A. Symonds, Detachment models for the formation of passive continental margins, Tectonics, 10, 1038-1064, 1991. Lonsdale, P., Geology and tectonic history of the Gulf of California, in The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, edited by E. L. Winterer, D. M. Hussong, and R. W. Decker, pp. 499-521, The Geology of North America, v. N, Geological Society of America, Boulder, 1989. Lorenzo, J.M., J.C. Mutter, R.L. Larson, and Northwest Australia Study Group, Development of the continent-ocean transform boundary of the southern Exmouth Plateau, Geology, 19, 843-846, 1991. Manighetti, I., P. Tapponnier, V. Courtillot, S. Gruszow, and P.-Y. Gillot, Propagation of rifting along the Arabia-Somalia plate boundary: The gulfs of Aden and Tadjoura, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2681-2710, 1997. Martin, A.K., Propagating rifts: Crustal extension during continental rifting, Tectonics, 3, 611-617, 1984. Martinez, F., and J.R. Cochran, Structure and tectonics of the northern Red Sea: Catching a continental margin between rifting and drifting, Tectonophysics, 150, 1-32, 1988. Mascle, J., C. Basile, B. Pontoise, and F. Sage, The Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana transform margin: An example of an ocean-continent transform boundary, in Rifted Ocean-Continent Boundaries, edited by E. Banda, M. Talwani, and M. Thorne, pp. 327-339, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1995. McKenzie, D.P., Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 40, 25-32, 1978. McKenzie, D.P., The geometry of propagating rifts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 70, 175-186, 1986. McKenzie, D.P., and M.J. Bickle, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, J. Petrology., 29, 625-679, 1988. Mohr, P.A., and C.A. Wood, Volcano spacing and lithospheric attenuation in the Eastern Rift of Africa, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 33, 126-144, 1976. Molnar, P., Continental tectonics in the aftermath of plate tectonics, Nature, 335, 131-137, 1988. Moretti, I., and P.Y. Chénet, The evolution of the Suez rift: a combination of stretching and secondary convection, Tectonophysics, 133, 229-234, 1987. Mutter, J.C., Margins declassified, Nature, 364, 393-394, 1993. Mutter, J.C., M. Talwani, and P.L. Stoffa, Origin of seaward-dipping reflectors in oceanic crust off the Norwegian margin by "subaerial sea-floor spreading", Geology, 10, 353-357, 1982. Mutter, J.C., W.R. Buck, and C.M. Zehnder, Convective partial melting 1. A model for the formation of thick basaltic sequences during the initiation of spreading, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1031-1048, 1988. Omar, G.I., and M.S. Steckler, Fission track evidence on the initial rifting of the Red Sea: Two pulses, no propagation, Science, 270, 1341-1344, 1995. Pedersen, T., and H.E. Ro, Finite duration extension and decompression melting, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 113, 15-22, 1992. Rabinowitz, P.D., and J. LaBreque, The Mesozoic South Atlantic Ocean and evolution of its continental margins, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5973-6002, 1979. Rice, J.R., Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and the weakness of the San Andreas fault, in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rock, edited by B. Evans, and T.-F. Wong, (Int. Geophys. Ser. 51), Academic Press, 1992. Rosendahl, B.R., Architecture of continental rifts with special reference to East Africa, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 15, 445-503, 1987. Steckler, M.S., Uplift and extension at the Gulf of Suez: Indications of induced mantle convection, Nature, 317, 135-139, 1985. Steckler, M.S., and U. Ten Brink, Lithospheric strength variations as a control on new plate boundaries: Examples from the northern Red Sea region, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 79, 120-132, 1986. Steckler, M.S., S. Feinstein, B.P. Kohn, L.L. Lavier, and M. Eyal, Pattern of mantle thinning from subsidence and heat flow measurements in the Gulf of Suez: Evidence for the rotation of Sinai and along-strike flow from the Red Sea, Tectonics, 17, 903-920, 1998. Taylor, B., Rifting and the volcanic-tectonic evolution of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 126, 627-651, 1992. Taylor, B., A. Klaus, G.R. Brown, G.F. Moore, Y. Okamura, and F. Murakami, Structural development of Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16,113-16,129, 1991. Vink, G.E., Continental rifting and the implications for plate tectonic reconstructions, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 10677-10668, 1982. Vink, G.E., W.J. Morgan, and W.L. Zhao, Preferential rifting of continents: A source of displaced terranes, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10072-10076, 1984. Wernicke, B., Low-angle normal faults and seismicity: a review, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20159-20174, 1995. Wernicke, B., and B.C. Burchfiel, Modes of extensional tectonics, J. Struct. Geol., 4, 105-115, 1982. Whitmarsh, R.B., and P.R. Miles, Models of the development of the West Iberia rifted continental margin at 40°30'N deduced from surface and deep-two magnetic anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3789-3806, 1995. Wills, S., and W.R. Buck, Stress-field rotation and rooted detachment faults: a Coulomb failure analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20503-20514, 1997. Wintsch, R.P., R. Christoffersen, and A.K. Kronenberg, Fluid-rock reaction weakening of fault zones, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13021-13032, 1995. Yin, A., Origin of regional rooted low-angle normal faults: a mechanical model and its tectonic implications, Tectonics, 8(3), 469-482, 1989. Zehnder, C.M., J.C. Mutter, and P. Buhl, Deep seismic and geochemical constraints on the Nature of rift-induced magmatism during breakup of the North Atlantic, Tectonophysics, 173, 545-565, 1990. Backarc Regime Danyushevsky, L.V., T.J. Falloon, A.V. Sobolev, A.J. Crawford, M. Caroll, and R.C. Price, The H2O content of basalt glasses from Southwest Pacific back-arc basins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117, 347-362, 1993. Hergt, J.M., and K.N. Farley, Major element, trace element, and isotope (Pb, Sr, and Nd) variations in site 834 basal: implications for the initiation of backarc opening. in J. Hawkins, L. Parson, J. Allan, et al., Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 135: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 471-485, 1994. Karig, D.E., Remnant arcs, Geol. Soc. of Amer. Bull., 83, 1057-1068, 1972. Livermore, R., A. Cunningham, L. Vanneste, and R. Larter, Subduction influence on magma supply at the East Scotia Ridge, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 150, 261-275, 1997. Martinez, F., P. Fryer, N.A. Baker, and T. Yamazaki, Evolution of backarc rifting: Mariana Trough, 20-24 N, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 100, 3807-3827, 1995. Martinez, F., and B. Taylor, Backarc spreading, rifting and microplate rotation between transform faults in the Manus basin, Mar. Geophys. Res., 18, 203-224, 1996. Park, C.H., K. Tamaki, and K. Kobayashi, Age-depth correlation of the Philippine Sea back-arc basins and other marginal basins in the world, Tectonophysics, 181, 351-371, 1990. Oceanic Regime Bell, R.E., and W.R. Buck, Crustal control of ridge segmentation inferred from observations of the Reykjanes Ridge, Nature, 357, 583-586, 1992. Atwater, T., and K.C. Macdonald, Are spreading centers perpendicular to their transform faults, Nature, 270, 715-719, 1977. Carbotte, S., C. Mutter, J. Mutter, and G. Ponce-Correa, Influence of magma supply and spreading rate on crustal magma bodies and emplacement of the extrusive layer: Insights from the East Pacific Rise at lat 16°N, Geology, 26, 455-458, 1998. Caress, D.W., H.W. Menard, and R.N. Hey, Eocene reorganization of the Pacific-Farallon spreading center north of the Mendicino fracture zone, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 2813-2838, 1988. Chen, Y., and W.J. Morgan, Rift valley/no rift valley transition at mid-ocean ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 17571-17581, 1990. Christie, D.M., and J.M. Sinton, Evolution of abyssal lavas along propagating segments of the Galapagos spreading center, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 56, 321-335, 1981. Cochran, J.R., C. Small, Y. Ma, and J.-C. Sempere, The Southeast Indian Ridge between 88° and 120°E: Gravity anomalies and crustal accretion at intermediate spreading rates, Eos Trans. AGU, 76, 529, 1995. Cormier, M.H., The ultrafast East Pacific Rise: Instability of the plate boundary and implications for accretionary processes, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 355, 341-367, 1997. Crane, K., The spacing of rift axis highs: dependence upon diapiric processes in the underlying asthenosphere, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 405-414, 1985. Deming, J.W. and J.A. Baross, Deep-sea smokers: windows to a sub-surface biosphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 3219-3230, 1993. Dyment, J., and J. Arkani-Hamed, Spreading-rate-dependent magnetization of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the anomalous skewness of marine magnetic anomalies, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 789-804, 1995. Dziak, R.P., C.G. Fox, and A.S. Schreiner, The June-July 1993 seismo-acoustic event at CoAxial segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Evidence for a lateral dike injection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 135-138, 1995. Fujita, K., and N.H. Sleep, Membrane stresses near mid-ocean ridge-transform intersections, Tectonophysics, 50, 207-221, 1978. Grindlay, N.R., P.J. Fox, and K.C. MacDonald, Second-order ridge axis discontinuities in the South Atlantic; morphology, structure, and evolution, Mar. Geophys. Res., 13, 21-49, 1991. Hey, R.N., A new class of pseudofaults and their bearing on plate tectonics: a propagating rift model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 37, 321-325, 1977. Hey, R.N., F.K. Duennebier, and W.J. Morgan, Propagating rifts on mid-ocean ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2647-2658, 1980. Hey, R.N., D.F. Naar, M.C. Kleinrock, W.J. Phipps Morgan, E. Morales, and J.-G. Schilling, Microplate tectonics along a superfast sea-floor spreading system near Easter Island, Nature, 317, 320-325, 1985. Hey, R.N., H.W. Menard, T.M. Atwater, and D.W. Caress, Changes in direction of sea-floor spreading revisited, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 2803-2811, 1988. Hey, R.N., J.M. Sinton, and F.K. Duennebier, Propagating rifts and spreading centers, in The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii, edited by E. L. Winterer, D. M. Hussong, and R. W. Decker, pp. 161-176, The Geology of North America, v. N, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 1989. Hey, R.N., P.D. Johnson, F. Martinez, J. Korenaga, M.L. Somers, Q.J. Huggett, T.P. LeBas, R.I. Rusby, and D.F. Naar, Plate boundary reorganization at a large-offset, rapidly propagating rift, Nature, 378, 167-170, 1995. Ito, G., J. Lin, and C.W. Gable, Interaction of mantle plumes and migrating mid-ocean ridges: Implications for the Galapagos plume-ridge system, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,403-15,417, 1997. Klein, E.M., and C.H. Langmuir, Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8089-8115, 1987. Kleinrock, M.C., and R.N. Hey, Migrating transform zone and lithospheric transfer at the Galapagos 95.5W propagator, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,859-13,878, 1989. Klitgord, K.D., Seafloor spreading: The central anomaly magnetization high, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 29, 201-209, 1976. Ma, L.Y., and J.R. Cochran, Bathymetric Roughness of the Southeast Indian Ridge: Implications for crustal accretion at intermediate spreading rate mid-ocean ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17,697-17,711, 1996. Macdonald, K.C., Mid-ocean ridges: Fine scale tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 10, 155-190, 1982. Macdonald, K.C., S.P. Miller, S.P. Huestis, and F.N. Speiss, Three-dimensional modeling of a magnetic reversal boundary from inversion of Deep-Tow measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3670-3680, 1980. Macdonald, K.C., J.C. Sempere, and P.J. Fox, East Pacific Rise from Siqueiros to Orozco Fracture Zones: Along-strike continuity of axial neovolcanic zone and structure and evolution of overlapping spreading centers, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6049-6069, 1984. Macdonald, K.C., P.J. Fox, L.J. Perram, M.F. Eisen, R.M. Haymon, S.P. Miller, S.M. Carbotte, M.-H. Cormier, and A.N. Shor, A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behavior of ridge-axis discontinuities, Nature, 335, 217-225, 1988. Madsen, J.A., D.W. Forsyth, and R.S. Detrick, A new isostatic model for the East Pacific Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9997-10015, 1984. Malinverno, A., Inverse square-root dependence of mid-ocean- ridge flank roughness on spreading rate, Nature, 352, 58-60, 1991. Malinverno, A., Transition between a valley and a high at the axis of mid-ocean ridges, Geology, 21, 639-642, 1993. Martínez, F., R.N. Hey, and P.D. Johnson, The East Ridge System, 28.5-32°S East Pacific Rise: Implications for Overlapping Spreading Center Development, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 151, 13-31, 1997. Menard, H.W., and T. Atwater, Changes in direction of sea-floor spreading, Nature, 219, 463-467, 1968. Mutter, C.Z., and J.C. Mutter, Variations in thickness of layer 3 dominate oceanic crustal structure, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117, 295-317, 1993. Naar, D.F., and R.N. Hey, Speed limit for oceanic transform faults, Geology, 17, 420-422, 1989. Naar, D.F., F. Martinez, R.N. Hey, T.B. Reed, and S. Stein, Pito Rift: How a large-offset rift propagates, Mar. Geophys. Res., 13, 287-309, 1991. Pariso, J.E., and H.P. Johnson, Do layer 3 rocks make a significant contribution to marine magnetic anomalies? In situ magnetization of gabbros at Ocean Drilling Program hole 735B, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,033-16,052, 1993a. Pariso, J.E., and H.P. Johnson, Do lower crustal rocks record reversals of the Earth's magnetic field? Magnetic petrology of oceanic gabbros from Ocean Drilling Program hole 735B, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,013-16,032, 1993b. Parsons, B., and J.G. Sclater, An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 803-827, 1977. Schilling, J.G., Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating mid-ocean ridges, Nature, 352, 397-403, 1991. Schouten, H., K.D. Klitgord, and D.G. Gallo, Edge-driven microplate kinematics, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6689-6701, 1993. Sempéré, J.C., and J.R. Cochran, The Southeast Indian Ridge between 88°E and 118°E: Variations in crustal accretion at constant spreading rate, J. Geophys. Res., B, Solid Earth and Planets, 102 (7), 15,489-15,505, 1997. Shih, J., and P. Molnar, Analysis and implications of the sequence of ridge jumps that eliminated the Surveyor transform fault, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 4815-4822, 1975. Sinton, J.M., D.S. Wilson, D.M. Christie, R.N. Hey, and J.R. Delaney, Petrologic consequences of rift propagation on oceanic spreading ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 62, 193-207, 1983. Small, C., A global analysis of mid-ocean ridge axial topography, Geophys. J. Int., 116, 64-84, 1994. Small, C., Observations of ridge-hot spot interactions in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17,931-17,946, 1995. Small, C., and D.T. Sandwell, An abrupt change in ridge axis gravity with spreading rate, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17,383-17,392, 1989. Sun, S.S., and W.F. McDonough, Chemical and isotope systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes, in Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 42, 313-345, 1989. Talwani, M., C. Windisch, and M. Langseth, Reykjanes ridge crest: a detailed geophysical study, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 473-517, 1971. Tamsett, D., and R. Searle, Structure of the Alula-Fartak fracture zone, Gulf of Aden, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1239-1254, 1990. Wetzel, L.R., D.A. Wiens, and M.C. Kleinrock, Evidence from earthquakes for bookshelf faulting at large non-transform ridge offsets, Nature, 362, 235-237, 1993. Wilson, D.S, R.N. Hey, and C. Nishimura, Propagation as a mechanism of reorientation of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 9215-9225, 1984. Wilson, D.S., Kinematics of overlapping rift propagation with cyclic failure, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 96, 384-392, 1990. Miscellaneous Anderson, D.L., The scales of mantle convection, Tectonophysics, 284, 1-17, 1998. Athy, L.F., Density, porosity, and compaction of sedimentary rocks, AAPG Bull., 14, 1-23, 1930. Bell, R.E., and A.B. Watts, Evaluation of the BGM-3 sea gravimeter system on board R/V Conrad, Geophysics, 51, 1480-1493, 1986. Brock, T.D., Life at high temperatures, Science, 29, 132-138, 1985. Cande, S.C., and D.V. Kent, Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6093-6095, 1995. Carey, S.W., The Tectonic Approach to Continental Drift, in Continental drift; a symposium, pp. 177-355, Geol. Dep., Univ. of Tasmania, Hobart, 1958. Einarsson, P., and B. Brandsdottir, Seismological evidence for lateral magma intrusion during the July 1978 deflation of the Krafla Volcano in NE-Iceland, J. Geophys., 47, 160-165, 1980. England, P.C., and A. Thompson, Some thermal and tectonic models for crustal melting in continental collison zones, in Collision Tectonics, edited by M.P. Coward and A.C. Ries, pp. 83-94, Blackwell, Oxford, 1986. Furlong, K.P., and D.M. Fountain, Continental crustal underplating: Thermal considerations and seismic-petrologic consequences, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8285-8294, 1986. Furnes, H., I.H. Thorseth, O. Tumyr, T. Torsvik, and M.R. Fisk, Microbial activity in the alteration of glass from pillow lavas from Hole 896A. in J.C. Alt, H. Kinoshita, L.B. Stokking, and P.J. Michael, (Eds.), Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 191-206, 1996. Giovannoni, S.J., M.R. Fisk, T.D. Mullins, and H. Furnes, Genetic evidence for endolithic microbial life colonizing basaltic glass/seawater interfaces. in J.C. Alt, H. Kinoshita, L.B. Stokking, and P.J. Michael (Eds.), Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 148: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 207-214, 1996. Glazner, A.F., and J.M. Bartley, Evolution of lithospheric strength after thrusting, Geology, 13, 42-45, 1985. Hamilton, W., Tectonics of the Indonesian region, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 1078, 1979. Kroenke, L.W., Cenozoic tectonic development of the southwest Pacific, U.N. ESCAP. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Bull. 6:126, 1984. Larson, K.M., J.T. Freymueller, and S. Philipsen, Global plate velocities from the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9961-9981, 1997. Louden, K.E., The crustal and lithospheric thicknesses of the Philippine Sea as compared to the Pacific, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 50, 275-288, 1980. Lovley, D.R., J.D. Coates, E.L. Blunt-Harris, E.J.P. Phillips, J.C. Woodward, Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration, Nature, 382, 445-448, 1996. Murrell, S.A.F., Mechanics of tectogenesis in plate collision zones, in Collision Tectonics, edited by M.P. Coward, and A.C. Ries, pp. 95-111, Blackwell, Oxford, 1986. Nakamura, K., Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation - principle and proposal, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 2, 1-16, 1977. Neumann, G.A., D.W. Forsyth, and D. Sandwell, Comparison of marine gravity from shipboard and high-density satellite altimetry along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30.5°-35.5°S, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1639-1642, 1993. Oxburgh, E.R., and D.L. Turcotte, Origin of paired metamorphic belts and crustal dilation in island arc regions, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1315-1327, 1971. Parker, R.L., The rapid calculation of potential anomalies, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 31, 447-455, 1973. Parker, R.L., Improved Fourier terrain correction, Part I, Geophysics, 60, 1007-1017, 1995. Parker, R.L., and S.P. Huestis, The inversion of magnetic anomalies in the presence of topography, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1587-1593, 1974. Parkes, R.J., B.A. Cragg, S.J. Bale, J.M. Getliff, K. Goodman, P.A. Rochelle, J.C. Fry, A.J. Weightman, and S.M. Harvey, A deep bacterial biosphere in Pacific Ocean sediments, Nature, 371, 410-413, 1994. Parsons, T., G.A. Thompson, and R.P. Smith, More than one way to stretch: a tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range Province, Tectonics, 17, 221-234, 1998. Raiswell, R., and Canfield, D.E., 1996. Rates of reaction between silicate iron and dissolved sulfide in Peru Margin sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 2777-2787. Sandwell, D.T., and W.H.F. Smith, Marine gravity from satellite altimetry [Online]. Available by anonymous ftp:ftp://topex.ucsd.edu/pub/global_grav_2min/world_grav.img.7.2, [cited 1998-11-09], The Geological Data Center, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 1995. Smith, W.H.F., and D.T. Sandwell, Global sea-floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, 277, 1956-1962, 1997. Stetter, K.O., R. Huber, E. Blöchl, M. Kurr, R.E. Eden, M. Fielder, H. Cash, and I. Vance, Hyperthermophilic Archaea are thriving in deep North Sea and Alaskan oil reservoirs, Nature, 365, 743-745, 1993. Terzaghi, K., Erdbaumechanik auf bodenphysikalischer Grundlage, Leipzig (Deuticke), 399, 1925. Tryggvason, E., Widening of the Krafla fissure swarm during the 1975-1981 volcano-tectonic episode, Bull. Volcanol., 47, 47-69, 1984. Turcotte, D.L., and G.S. Schubert, Geodynamics applications of continuum physics to geological problems, pp. 450, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1982. Wellsbury, P., K. Goodman, T. Barth, B.A. Cragg, S.P. Barnes, and R.J. Parkes, Deep marine biosphere fueled by increasing organic matter availability during burial and heating, Nature, 388, 573-576, 1997. Wessel, P., and W.H.F. Smith, New Version of the Generic Mapping Tools Released, Eos Trans. AGU, 76, 329, 1995. This page was last updated March 22, 1999 |